Month: January 2021

Here’s the current state of the primary analytics that I maintain on a daily basis. The data for these comes from the Johns Hopkins University and from the AZ DHS. Occasionally the data diverges between these two organizations, but not wildly.

I thought it might be interesting to share what I look for in these tables and graphs, especially now that the case rates are slowing down in Arizona and across much of the US.

The above table is familiar to anyone who has read one or two of these pages. It sorts each state by their overall case growth rate. I call this the Instantaneous Rate of Change (IROC) because what I’m measuring is the current slope of the COVID Case curve. The states can be compared because the COVID cases are normalized by each state’s population. This table can help one to quickly identify where the hotspots in the US are. The Confirmed Case IROC tells us how many Cases per 1000 persons per day each state is experiencing. I sometimes refer to this as the case growth rate. The dIROC_Confirmed column tells us how fast the case growth rate itself is increasing. Above, we see that Arizona has the largest case growth rate in the country but that this growth rate is decreasing by 0.0275 cases per 1000 per day — every day. When a state’s dIROC_Confirmed starts slowing, it is an indicator that the case growth rate peak is near. When the dIROC_Confirmed goes negative, it is a sign that the peak is in the past and the case growth rate is now decreasing. I captured this table all the way down to California, who about 2 weeks ago had the highest case growth rate in the country by a pretty good margin. As you can see their case growth rate continues to decrease every day. It looks like Arizona will be seeing similar numbers in about a week since it’s peak was about a week and a half ago.

This table also tells us interesting things about cumulative numbers. You can see that Arizona, Rhode Island, and Utah all have very high cumulative cases per 1000 population. This probably reflects the overall populations of these states being smaller or more confined to larger population areas. Much of Rhode Island’s population is near Providence, Utah’s population is primarily in the Salt Lake area, and a majority of Arizona’s population is in two metro areas, Phoenix and Tucson. Also, most of these regions have seen recent case surges while states like NY, MA, and NJ have had a long lull since their primary surge back in March. One other metric on this chart that’s useful to understand the state’s situation is Deaths per 1000. The Northeastern states still have the largest number of deaths per 1000 persons, but other states like Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arizona are catching up.

Arizona Case, Death, and Hospitalization Data

Now I’m switching primarily to Arizona numbers. These may or may not be similar to what is seen in other states, but I have pretty good access to Arizona data as well as the motivation (being an Arizona resident) to tracking them more closely.

The above chart is the visualization of the Case per 1000 curves for five different age demographics in Arizona. During the initial summer case surge, it was clear that all the age groups between 20 and 54 tracked together and had the same case rates when normalized by their population numbers in the state. The 65+ group has tended to have lower cases per 1000 and the under 20 group has far lower cases per 1000. This chart tells us that this trend continued until about mid-November, when the 55-64 group really separated from the herd (this is the green line above). It also appears to the naked eye that the 65+ line (maroon) also had a slightly increased slope over the under 55 groups starting around mid-November. As I’ve mentioned in other postings, this likely represents contribution to cases from winter visitors to Arizona, none of whom are represented in the Arizona population for their age group. Therefore, they’re contributing to the numerator (cases) without contributing to the denominator. This may just be a curiosity, or maybe it has a hand in Arizona’s particular COVID case and hospitalization challenges since the beginning of October. It appears to me too that while the age groups under 54 (red, yellow, and blue) have started significantly flattening out — meaning that their growth rates are slowing) — the over 55 groups seem to be slowing less.

The above is a chart that I look at a lot and like because it compares the case curves for Maricopa County (Phoenix) and Pima County (Tucson). This is interesting as a natural experiment, because it seems provable that Pima County has imposed much more structure around COVID protocols than Maricopa County and has done so pretty consistently since the beginning. The Blue line is the polynomial equation fit to the Maricopa actual case data (light grey) and the Red line is the equation for Pima actual data (dark grey). The change in the current surge rates is revealed where the real data diverges from the polynomial. This started around the first week of January, but I could see signs of it beginning at the start of 2021. The other interesting signal in this chart is the moving average of tests per day in the state. I’m only showing the numbers of tests, not the positivity of these tests, in this chart because my theory is that the number of tests is a leading indicator for case growth (this likely measures how sick people think they are… few people get COVID tests for fun, I’ve observed). Looking above, you can see that the number of tests moving average hit a low around 9/08 when the case rates were increasing only a slight amount and appeared to be doing so linearly. The case rates started curving upward somewhere starting early October and the test numbers increased along with it. The test number peaked somewhere around the holidays and then gradually slowed. This may have anticipated the case rates starting to slow somewhere in early 2021. This may or may not really be a leading indicator, but the data I have makes it seem interesting at least.

Comparing Deaths over 65 with under 65

The over 65 population in Arizona makes up about 13% of everyone in the state, but has experienced most of the deaths. At some point, I started tracking the Over65 to Under65 ratio as an indicator. You can see the above as the green line. This is the 5 day moving average of this ratio. The light blue bars are raw deaths for the under 65 group (87% of the population) and the red is the raw deaths for the over65 group. The right way to show this data would be normalizing it by each group’s population, but if I did that, the blue wouldn’t be visible unless I plotted it on a logarithmic scale (very hard to explain to non-math majors). The green line is maybe the most interesting element of this because of the comparison of the ratio during the smaller summer outbreak (June/July) where the ratio hovered around 2.5 with the ratio during the current surge, where the ratio jumped quickly and has been ranging between 3.0 and 4.0. This is hard to analyze, but it appears like the virus is more deadly now for the older demographics than it was during the summer. Perhaps the cooler weather compounds the virus’ effect or perhaps there are less susceptible persons under 65 now than there were during the summer? If you’re curious about the spikiness of the ratio during the lull from August until October, I’m pretty sure it’s just due to the small numbers of deaths during that time frame. Small data’s statistics can behave oddly.

Hospitalization Analytics

Above is what I call my “experimental” metric on a ratio of current hospitalizations to cases from one week earlier. As you can see above, I do this ratio for each age demographic. The basis for this analytic is that I was curious about the rate that people get hospitalized one week after they are confirmed with COVID. Perhaps 2 weeks might have been a better gap, but I chose to use one week because I felt that might be a more common time frame between a case and a hospital visit (any kind, ER, ICU, Outpatient, etc.). Each datapoint represents the daily ratio and since the trends are hard to see with the naked eye, I fit a regression line to each age group so I could see the trends. It doesn’t show it here, but though all the trendlines on this ratio show a decreas now, but back around November, the over 65 group’s trendline was increasing pretty steeply. This changed sometime around the holidays and all the age groups have been trending down ever since. This indicates to me (but doesn’t prove, of course) that hospitalization surged in the over65 group pretty strongly early in this outbreak. It was likely this over65 group that filled the hospitals (see below) very rapidly starting November 1. You can see above that the maroon and green (over 65 and 55-64) dots around that timeframe frequently ranged between 50 and 75%. This means that the number of people hospitalized during that timeframe over 55 was 50-75% of the Confirmed Case counts for those demographics one week earlier. Now the numbers for over65 are generally under 25% and the 55-64 are generally under 10%. This is not a perfect metric, but it does seem to be illustrating a trend and was possibly a good leading indicator for the COVID hospitalization easing that can be seen below.

Finally, I’ll re-show the latest from the AZ DHS on the breakdown of COVID, non-COVID, and empty ICU beds in the state. This is a stacked bar chart and the three states above add up to 100%. So for instance, at the hospitalization peak around Jan 5th we could see just over 60% of the ICU beds in the state occupied by a COVID patient, about 30% of the ICU beds occupied by a non-COVID patient, and about 10% of the ICU beds empty (my guess is that these were the broken ones??). Today, we see about 50% COVID, 40% non-COVID, and still 10% unoccupied. If this follows the trend from the summer, we’ll soon see the COVID hospitalization numbers start dropping even faster.

The Case data for the Arizona winter outbreak has shown some unusual characteristics that might be unique to the state. The chart below shows a few of these anomalies.

1. The cases began acceleration almost to the day that temperatures in Phoenix dropped from 15 to 20 degrees F overnight. The cooling trend only stayed for a few days (see the orange and blue bar chart below), but nighttime lows remained lower until November 8th when the temperatures plummeted about 20 degrees again. These drops plus the movement of the nighttime lows below 60 degrees seems to have triggered the case acceleration that has only recently began to slow.
2. The green line in the diagram below represents the 55-64 group. This plus the 65+ group makes up the bulk of Arizona’s annual winter visitor population. Arizona State University did a study a few years back that showed that the population in the Phoenix metro area swelled by 300,000 every winter. I have heard that Tucson’s population increases by over 100,000 every winter and areas in the western part of the state (such as Quartzite) are said to have over 2M visitors every winter. So why is the 55+ groups both accelerating faster than the 20-54 groups? My guess is that the winter visitors are bringing COVID cases with them, and since I’m normalizing by the population of these age groups that lives year round in Arizona, I’m showing a higher number of cases per 1000 “year round” residents. I suspect if I could correct the denominator of this ratio with the actual numbers of full-time plus winter residents each month, then the rates would equal the 20-54 groups. What does this tell us? Some decent percentage of our case counts during the winter outbreak are due to winter visitors. (edit: Using some back of the envelope math I arrived at about 10K cases in the 55 to 64 age group due to winter visitors. This would mean there have been around 90K winter visitors in this age group since November)
3. Just before Thanksgiving the case rate appears to have slowed a slight bit, but around the end of November, we start seeing strange case count disruptions and apparent acceleration. Looking closely (I’ve blown this range up in the graphic right after the one below), it seems like a short glitch that is probably due to cases being counted inconsistently during the holiday break. Some days had no cases reported and others had nearly as many positive cases as tests. Obviously that was the state catching up on counts they had accumulated when they were out of the office. I don’t see any strong evidence of a holiday surge for either Thanksgiving or Christmas. At best there could have been a slight acceleration, but it appears more likely that inconsistent data collection may have given the impression of a short uptick in cases.
4. The under 20 age group (blue curve) continues to show that the rate of infection in this group is significantly lower than the other groups. This may be due to our inability to measure these cases well (since so many are asymptomatic) or due to this group’s lower probability of getting infected. Or maybe it’s because this group is more sheltered than others because they stay at home, don’t need to go to work, aren’t buying groceries, etc. Or some combination of these. Remember from my recent excess death analysis that this age group had around 1/2 (on average) the deaths during 2020 than would be expected in a normal year.
5. For the last week or two, the cumulative curves for all the groups (less so the 55-64 group) show obvious deceleration. This coincides with the decrease in COVID hospitalization that I show below.

Below you can see the zoomed in area where the data glitches occurred. The overall case slope during these times appears to be constant, so the appearance of case acceleration during the holidays is probably due less to a holiday surge than to poor data collection.

Below is the hospitalization chart from the AZ DHS dashboard. It is a stacked bar chart, and the combination of the colored bar percentages will add up to 100%. The Red bars reflect COVID cases in the ICU (60% of all ICU beds today) whereas the dark grey reflect non-COVID ICU beds (about 30% of all ICU beds today). The light grey is the unoccupied beds (about 10%). As you can see the numbers of beds occupied by COVID patients has consistently been dropping for a week or two. This is consistent with how the Summer outbreak worked. Hopefully this means the hospitals are through the worst of it.

Here’s a map of the top 200 AZ zip codes by COVID case growth between 12/21 and 1/13.

Note that the dark blue dots are around 20% growth over these 3 weeks and the orange and red dots are around 80% and 90% growth. That’s a pretty big range.

The zip codes with higher percent growth look to be on the fringes of the more dense, inner city zip codes. See how the Dark Blue seems to be ringed by lighter greens and yellows in the Phoenix area. This may be a factor of how this is measuring growth as a percentage of what it was 3 weeks ago as opposed to raw case increases. Might be interesting to think about.

Lots of zip codes in small towns in rural counties with large percent increases in cases.

Approach

This is a follow-on to two previous analyses (here and here) of excess deaths during 2020. My approach is different than most (or all) I have seen because I am looking at the impact of COVID through evaluating excess deaths in all 10-year age demographics across all US states and DC. What this does is set all demographics equal regardless of their population. I think this is a very reasonable approach because I’m primarily focused on learning what the impact was to each demographic through measuring the percentage of excess deaths (over an average from the two previous years with good data, 2017-2018) while also maintaining awareness of that demographic’s COVID impact. Note that this approach provides some interesting insight.

Caveats

As I don’t want people to think that this work is conspiracy-based or whatnot, I want to make my assumptions clear here. First of all, I assume the Provisional COVID and total death data for 2020 from the CDC is correct. Or at least that it is not wildly incorrect. The CDC has made some mistakes and their analysis of their own data is often suspect, but it does seem like they’re being very careful not to mess up COVID data. Second, I want to reiterate that my approach is different from most you may have seen. This excess deaths analytic gives equal weight to every state and every 10-year demographic. Therefore, 1-4 year olds in Rhode Island have as much impact in the histogram below as 85+ year olds in New York who had very high numbers of deaths due to COVID. I think this is interesting, because COVID has impacted all of society differently. For some it has been devastating in loss of life but for others it may have been devastating for other reasons. Most analyses of excess deaths by the CDC or popular media is only focusing on the raw deaths, which overwhelmingly have come from the oldest demographics. Third, I am only using a two year set (2017 and 2018) as a baseline for the excess deaths. I could have used a 5 year average, but I chose to use the two most recent years with good death numbers to minimize the impact of growing US populations (because larger populations experience more deaths). It turns out that one of these years was a bad flu year and the other was an easy flu year, so that is serendipitous too. Data from the CDC on provisional deaths for 2020 can be found at this URL and the 2017-18 data can be easily captured on the CDC’s “Wonder” system

Histogram of Excess Deaths by Demographic and State

Takeaway from the Histogram

This doesn’t tell us that we didn’t have excess deaths overall in 2020, so don’t be tricked. What this does tell us, however, is that the majority of state/demographic pairs didn’t have any excess deaths during 2020 over the 2017-18 average. You can also see that the numbers of demographics that experienced more than 100% excess deaths drops off very rapidly (probably at an exponential – e^n – rate) while the under 100% excess death demographics ramp up to the peak at more of a polynomial (maybe n^2 or n^3) rate. This tells us that the demographics across all states were more likely to experience less than 100% excess deaths during 2020. We’ll look at the data tables below to try to figure out both sides of the peak on our histogram.

Data Table – Highest Excess Deaths

Takeaway on Demographics with High Excess Deaths in 2020

The first thing that stands out in the above table is the large number of demographics in DC that are at the top of the excess death list. I have no idea what happened in DC this year to contribute to all these excess deaths, but only a couple of the demographics have large COVID impacts. (Edit. It struck me the reason is most likely because including DC in this analysis is like comparing deaths in Chicago with those across the whole state of Illinois. DC is more like a large city and therefore has unique death statistics)

Secondly, I also notice that there is a mix of “high-COVID” demographics and “low-COVID” demographics at the top of the table. I think most people would have expected the demographics with the most excess deaths to be over 65, but that isn’t the case. Of course, this is on a percentage basis. The demographics with the highest raw number of deaths are mostly over 65, but these are all demographics that experience higher numbers of deaths overall every year anyway. This is why I look at the percentages. Below are the demographics/states with the highest number of raw excess deaths (column on the right). Nothing much is surprising here. Elderly demographics in large states would be expected to have the most raw excess deaths because they have the highest number of deaths every year. This is a good way to parse the data if one is in search for nerve-wracking numbers, but it doesn’t give us any information we couldn’t infer on our own. It is clear, however, that in these groupings COVID deaths were significant, running from 15 to 31%.

Secondly, I also notice that there is a mix of “high-COVID” demographics and “low-COVID” demographics at the top of the table (the one sorted by percent – two above). I think most people would have expected the demographics with the most excess deaths to be over 65, but that isn’t the case. Of course, this is on a percentage basis. The demographics with the highest raw number of deaths are mostly over 65, but these are all demographics that experience higher numbers of deaths overall every year anyway. This is why I look at the percentages.

In the next table, I’ll rank the demographics by excess deaths after COVID is subtracted out and we’ll see some interesting results.

Data Table – Sorted by Highest Excess Deaths if COVID/Flu/Pneumonia numbers removed

Takeaway on Groups with Excess Deaths beyond COVID

The thing that will probably stand out in the above table is that only two over 55 demographics exist in the top excess deaths once COVID and related illnesses are removed. Both are in Washington DC (again, I need to figure out why DC has so many excess deaths across the board. Are they counting differently?). All of the groups above still have excess deaths beyond the 2017-18 average even after the COVID numbers are subtracted. What might this be counting? Arizona, Tennessee, and Colorado demographics under age 44 are all over the top of the list. We know that these states tend to have above average suicides each year. I have also seen reports that deaths due to drug overdoses are exceptionally high in 2020 in younger demographics. This is kind of hard to think about, but it would seem that these excess deaths in 2020 by such large numbers are correlated with COVID and state reactions to COVID.

Data Table – Ratio of Highest COVID+Flu+Pneumonia 2020 Deaths to 2017-18 Average Deaths

Takeaway on Demographics with High COVID/Flu/Pneumonia Impact in 2020

Note that the above table is as expected. The highest percent impact of COVID/Flu/Pneumonia are in the over 65 year communities. The numbers are pretty staggering though. In the typical year, 30% of a community’s deaths are due to heart disease and about the same percentage to Cancer. The other 40% of deaths are a mix of everything from respiratory diseases to accidents to suicide and homicide. So for a demographic to be seeing 20 to 30% of its deaths in one year to COVID is incredibly catastrophic. I also notice that the Dakotas are very high on the list for their over 65 demographics and wonder if they saw much higher excess deaths due to a lack of government COVID controls (they both seem to have been known for a more Sweden-like approach). I also see a couple of under 65 demographics on this list, both from New Jersey. That would be an interesting thing to analyze.

Data Table – Sorted by Lowest Excess Deaths over 2017-18 average

Takeaway on Demographics with Low 2020 Excess Deaths

The above is a very interesting way of looking at the data. What does it tell us? 2020 was a very safe year to be under 14. Why was this? I’m not sure, but I’d guess that many causes of deaths for these groups were avoided this year due to locking down at home. Car accident deaths, other accidents, possibly flu and other viral diseases, etc., might have been in very short supply for these younger groups. Interestingly, New York State has two older demographics in this list. If one looks deeper at this, one finds that New York has really low numbers of excess deaths in general. The chart below shows the raw numbers of excess deaths for the over 85 age demographic across all 50 states. You’ll notice that NY actually experienced LESS deaths in this demographic than expected. Perhaps this has to do with the lower mobility of this group during COVID (a good number are likely in nursing facilities where they can’t come and go or receive visitors).

One big takeaway, however, is that if one was to evaluate the “silver lining” of 2020 by measuring Years of Life Lost, the low incidence of deaths in the younger groups would certainly carry a lot of weight.

Conclusions

1. COVID does not seem to be the overwhelming contributor to excess deaths across all demographics in 2020. This does not seem intuitive, but the data (assuming it is accurate) does make a strong case that the most impact of excess deaths in 2020 went to demographics who had lower incidence of COVID-19. This is calculated on a percentage of excess death basis, not raw numbers. Perhaps this is the right way to look at the excess deaths though, as compared to raw counts. It does capture surprise and impact to the affected group to look at the percentage of change. Plus, if one simply subtracts the COVID percentage from the Excess Death percentage, many of the younger demographics high on the list would still have well over 110% excess deaths. The older demographics do not see this same effect. What does this mean? Some demographics (younger adults and older teens) experienced significant excess deaths due to something other than COVID in 2020.
2. COVID did have a terrible impact to a large number of the older demographics across many states. Some of these demographics saw numbers of COVID (and pneumonia and flu because they’re hard to separate out) in 2020 that ran between 20 to 30 percent of the 2017-18 average. This is in the range of heart disease and cancer, each of which contribute to 20-30% of all deaths in a normal year. These groups made up the overwhelming majority of deaths in all regions during 2020.
3. For Americans under 14, however, 2020 was a very safe year. Much safer than the 2017-18 average. It appears that though the COVID responses may have had an adverse impact on some demographics, it had a very good impact on the folks under 14.

I thought folks might find it interesting to see the cumulative case rate charts from a selection of states and counties. There are interesting things to note in all of these. Remember that these are all just measuring cases and that cases are a strange measure due to the wildly different response different people have to the COVID-19 virus. Still, case growth is a leading indicator for hospital overload and deaths…

Note: in all of these charts, I am choosing to show “non-normalized” data. This means, when you see an “IROC-Confirmed-Case” number, that refers to the instantaneous slope of the curve. This slope will represent the number of new cases per day for the curve, and is often a better indicator of the case growth than moving averages or other such approach. Therefore, when comparing charts, keep in mind that the visual slope of the line is the better comparison than the numbers (because larger places like LA county will most likely have more cases due to their population). Also, I start each chart at the point they hit 5000 cases.

Also, the light blue line might be confusing to people. I am modeling the entire outbreak in a region with a fourth-order (quartic) polynomial equation and this equation is plotted in blue. You can see how the red “actual” datapoints often align strongly with the quartic equation for the region. I’m not sure if the fact that I can fit the whole outbreak for a region with a quartic is interesting or not, but I do know that the quartic emerges often in fields like optics and the propagation of waves through a real-life transmission line (like a copper wire). I wonder if a virus propagating through a real society is a similar application?

I’ll lead off with the chart of my home county. Pima is the location of Tucson and has over 1M in population. Mask orders have been in place since early June, but my observation was that a lot of residents were already observing mask orders well before that. The whole county has a curfew currently in place (I assume it is to reduce the numbers of people at bars?). You might note that the curve was solidly accelerating from about Halloween until Thanksgiving and then it started into a linear phase comprised of a bunch of positive and negative oscillations. This is to say, that the case rates have slowed for a few days, then sped up, and so on. Note that the last data point is a big jump over previous days. My guess is that this is an anomaly due to state DHS people taking holidays and accumulating numbers differently than in the past. Today’s data point (not shown here yet) is much lower, so I’m curious about whether the deceleration trend continues or not.

Maricopa county is the largest in the state with over 4M residents. This is the location of Phoenix, Mesa, Tempe, etc. Note that the latter part of the chart looks similar to that of Pima County. You can see more of the Maricopa curve since they hit 5000 cases earlier than Pima. Right now Maricopa communities have individual mask ordinances in place (some cities cancelled theirs then brought them back as cases surged. I’m unaware of any curfews in Maricopa, but that may be from lack of looking. Maricopa County is also the location of a number of large kids soccer tournaments back in late November and early December that were notable due to media attention (lots of teams from California were participating since they can’t practice or play in California). I don’t see any evidence of case surges due to these tournaments… rather, it appears like cases decelerated all the way from Thanksgiving until about Christmas day.

Currently, California has the highest case acceleration of any state and it does seem like LA county is a big driver. Note that the curved formed by the red datapoints is steeper than the blue line would model. This is very surprising to me in light of California’s significant COVID-19 restrictions. One might speculate that high density plus low evening temperatures (in my previous entry or two I point out that most of these surges started when night temperatures fell to 50 degrees) could be leading to the really steep slope in California. However, density might not explain it, as I’ve noted in Arizona that the most dense zip codes tend to have lower case growth than the less-dense zip codes. Regardless, the situation in CA is a puzzle.

Orange County’s case curve looks similar to LA’s except it seems to fit the quartic model better regarding acceleration.

Now we’ll switch to another large county, Harris County in Texas. This is the location of Houston. Note that it’s case slope is much flatter than any of the other regions. It appears to be accelerating slightly. One thing I’d note about Harris County that is absent in the previous charts, and that is humidity. Whereas Arizona and California are very low in humidity this time of the year, Houston is somewhere around 70-80% humidity. It has been observed that the virus transmits most effectively in lower temperatures and low humidity.

Above is the chart for the state of New York. It looks similar to California, just with a bit lower slope. The state also seems to have the same oscillation pattern over the last two weeks that AZ and CA regions have.

Now to change the pace again, here’s the third largest county in the state of AZ, Pinal County. This is a mix of rural and suburban communities, probably leaning more towards the rural. To my knowledge they don’t have any county mandates in place for COVID-19 and their characterization through 2020 regarding COVID leaned more to the individualistic rather than the collectivist. Pinal saw some notable tapering off of the visual slope of cases around 12/15, but some of this is probably anomalous due to the large jump that happened around 12/13. This has the appearance of being a data collection glitch. Note though, that this county’s trend is to fall below the blue quartic model line.

Finally, here’s a picture of a much smaller county in AZ, Cochise County. This is a primarily rural county with a medium-sized retiree population. Cochise had very few cases for the longest time but they’re getting close to doubling their case number since mid December. This is another area that has hit lows of 50 degrees and has low humidity. It is a bit higher in altitude than Pima County.

Normalized Data for Selected States

Here’s a chart where I have normalized the data by population to give better comparisons. I’ve selected a handful of states, including a number from the section above. What do we see across the board? General slowing of cases across the southeast, a bit of acceleration remaining in California and New York, and a bit of “uncertainty” in places like Georgia and Arizona.